New Chapter 13 Debt Limits
Effective April 1, 2010, Chapter 13 debt limits will go up. This is exciting for those debtors who previously would only be able to file for Chapter 11 (more complicated and expensive) due to their inability to qualify for Chapter 13 because of too much debt.
The new limits prescribed in 11 U.S.C. Section 109(e) will go to $360,475 for liquidated, unsecured debt and $1,081,400 for liquidated, secured debt.
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Tags: Chapter 13
Chapter 7 Debtors – is your debt primarily consumer or non-consumer and why should you care?
This is why you should care and why you want (if possible) to have your debts qualified as primarily non-consumer in Chapter 7:
- You can avoid having to qualify under the Means Test. This is especially important for debtors whose income exceeds state median income for the size of their household.
- If your debts are primarily non-consumer, Trustee, Creditors or US Trustee will not be able to request (successfully) dismissal for abuse under 11 U.S.C §707(b).
11 U.S.C §101(8) – defines “consumer debt” to mean “debt incurred by an individual primarily for personal, family or household purpose.”
Simple enough? Not really, not according to cases all over the place on the issue.
Issues to consider (because courts have):
- What does primarily mean, total amount of debt or the number of debts?
- Do you count mortgage in making the calculation?
- What about debt in name of individual, incurred for business purposes?
- What about deficiency judgments? What if 1099 is issued “excusing” the debt?
- What about judgments and involuntary debts?
Calculating of claims has to be done in good faith and be reasonable
In re Reavis 2007 WL 2219519 (Bankr. N.D. Okla., July 30, 2007), held that Creditor is not permitted to manipulate the amount of claim in order to put debtor within parameters of §707(b). Likewise, I would infer from the holding that Debtor cannot manipulate debts in order to avoid §707(b) considerations.
While there is no case law to confirm my assumption, I think debt barred by statute of limitation or state law (such as anti-dificiency statute) cannot be considered in making the calculations whether debt is primarily consumer or not.
Determination of whether debt is primarily consumer should be based on dollar amount and not the number of debts in each category.
Majority rule: it is the aggregate amount of debt not the number of debts that should decide whether debts are primarily consumer or non-consumer.
See In re Hlavin, 394 B.R. 441 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio, Sept. 30, 2008); In re Booth, 858 F. 2d 1051 (5th Cir. 1988).
Courts do consider mortgages, despite secured status, in determining whether debt is primarily consumer or not. However, mortgage on home is not automatically consumer, rather use of money should be examined. See In re Jones, 2009 WL 102442 (Bankr. E.D.N.C., Jan. 12, 2009).
See In re Hlavin, 394 B.R. 441, which holds that when Debtor’s concede that mortgage was used for consumer purposes, debt is considered consumer, despite secured status. This applies to debt secured by debtor’s home, not rental properties.
The Court in In re Burge, 377 B.R. (Bankr. N. D. Ohio, Oct. 3, 2007), held that debt arising from foreclosure on rental properties is not consumer debt. In other words, if mortgage secures rental property, I would argue that debt is primarily non-consumer.
However, consider that even debt on rental properties can be considered consumer, if on several occasions debtor represented to lender that property was to be occupied by debtor as her residence. See In re Coppi, 2008 WL 4224834 (Bankr. D. Neb., Sept. 10, 2008).
Unanswered issue: What about debts that are barred from collection through statute or state law?
This still leave unanswered the question re. whether deficiency judgment is in fact collectible. What if Creditor is barred from collecting on the debt, after issuance of 1099-C, can Debtor include that debt? No cases appear to clearly answer this question, but I would probably infer that you cannot include debt that is barred from collection in determining whether your debts are primarily non-consumer.
Most debts that are result of car accidents are non-consumer based on §101(8) definition of consumer debt.
Courts should examine the nature of debt, rather than qualification as personal or business debt.
In re Jones, 2009 WL 102442 (Bankr. E.D.N.C., Jan. 12, 2009) held that debts attributable to a failed business should be considered non-consumer, despite the fact that debts were in the debtors’ names rather than the business name.
In conclusion, while it is sometimes difficult to determine whether you are a consumer or non-consumer debtor, knowing that these issues are out there will at least give you the tools to ask your attorney the right questions.
Filed under: Chapter 7 | Leave a Comment
1. Bankruptcy petition – the bankruptcy documents, approximately 50+ pages, your attorney or you prepare and file with the court. These documents will list your assets, debts, income, expenses and financial history. You will have to sign these documents before they can be filed.
2. Creditor’s meeting (aka 341(a) examination) – this is the initial (and in Chapter 7 only) meeting you will attend regarding your bankruptcy filing. At this meeting the Trustee will check your driver license and social security, review your documents, swear you in and ask you questions and determine if there are any assets that the trustee can sell for the benefit of creditors. This meeting does not take place in the courthouse. Note, most Chapter 7 debtors never set foot in the courthouse. Also, while creditors do have a right to attend the meeting and briefly question the debtor, they rarely attend such meetings despite the title.
3. Trustee – in the Central District of California, Bankruptcy Trustees are either attorneys or CPAs that manage the bankruptcy case. They are sort of double agents. They work for the court and advise the court on the case, but mainly they work on behalf of all creditors and help them secure and recover any unprotected assets in the case. Trustees conduct Creditor’s meeting, not judges.
4. Exemptions – these are laws that say that even if a debtor files for bankruptcy, he/she should be allowed to keep certain things in order to have a fresh start. Exemptions vary by state and different exemptions sets should be used for debtors depending on their individual situation. This is the reason most Chapter 7 debtors get to have all their debts excused, but still keep money in their checking account, still keep their house and car depending on the situation.
5. Discharge – excuse of debt at conclusion of bankruptcy. The reason people file for bankruptcy. If debt is dischargeable, when case is completed, debt will be excused and you won’t have to repay it. If debt is non-dischargeable, then despite the filing of the bankruptcy case, you will have to find a way to repay this debt.
6. Automatic Stay – when you file for bankruptcy, bankruptcy law mandates that all collection efforts against you must stop. Phone calls, foreclosures, wage garnishments, etc. Automatic Stay puts a freeze on the collection efforts and punishes those that don’t comply.
7. Relief from the Automatic Stay – this is when a secured creditor asks the court’s permission to be excused from the Automatic Stay and be allowed to continue their repossession, foreclosure, etc. They need to have valid reason in order to petition the court, such as continued non-payments.
8. Reaffirmation agreement – this is an agreement you may be asked to review or sign by the creditor. By signing this agreement, you basically put back together a contract to repay this creditor. You are re-obligating yourself personally on the debt, despite the bankruptcy, which relieves you of the obligation. There are positives and negatives with respect to signing such agreement and you should consult a bankruptcy attorney for legal advice.
9. Credit counseling/debtor education – under the new law debtors are required to take a course and obtain a certificate prior to filing for bankruptcy. A second course must be completed within 45 days of the creditor’s meeting and certificate filed with the court in order to obtain discharge. If the course is not taken prior to the filing, case will likely be dismissed.
10. Means test – under the new law, chapter 7 debtors with mostly consumer (non-business) debts, must qualify based on their income, before they can file for chapter 7 bankruptcy. If you are below the median of your state’s income, you are likely to pass the means test without problems. If your income is above the median, further work may be required or you may have to file under a different bankruptcy chapter or explore other options.
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Tags: Bankruptcy basics
Chapter 13 is this magic bankruptcy chapter that allows you to “strip” the second mortgage if it is fully unsecured and to cram down the mortgage on your second home. It is great, by the time you get out and successfully complete the plan in 3-5 years, you can get rid of a LOT of debt. There is one little catch. You can only do it if you meet the debt limitations. In California that may be harder to do than you think.
Under section 109(e) of the bankruptcy code, to be eligible for Chapter 13, debtor may not have more than: $336,900 in noncontingent, liquidated, unsecured debt; and
$1,010,650 in noncontingent, liquidated, secured debt. Note, these debt limits are periodically increased.
That’s not a problem, you say. I only have about $90,000 on credit cards. I am way under the $336,900 limit. Oh wait. You want to count the second mortgage we will be stripping? That’s fine, too. I barely get in there, but I am ok. My second mortgage is only $230,000. What??? There is more? How much is my house worth now? Appraisal? You are going to count the unsecured portion of the first mortgage as well? We are going to have a problem…. Uh, we have a problem.
In re Groh, 2009 WL 1604974 (Bankr. S.D.Cal. 2009) and In re Estrada, Case No.: 09-00207 (Bankr.S.D.Cal) are the recent cases that came out holding that not only do you count the unsecured second mortgage to be stripped, but you also count the “unsecured” portion of the first mortgage, in addition to other debt you list on Schedule F (unsecured, non-priority debt, like credit cards and medical bills) to determine if you qualify under 109(e).
Here is a simple example. Client has a house worth $600,000. The first mortgage is $650,000 and the second mortgage is $200,000. Client has credit card and medical bills totaling $120,000.
We count: $120,000+$200,000=$320,000. Were we not required to include the unsecured portion of the first mortgage, Client would be ok to file for Chapter 13 (assuming other requirements are met). But, we add another $50,000 ($650,000 -$600,000) and now the unsecured debt, becomes $370,000.
Note: the same analysis applies if you have 2 properties. You are likely to run into a similar situation with 2 properties that are valued at less than the example, but as a result of combination, lead to same results.
What is the solution? There is no perfect solution.
- You can try Chapter 11 (but it’s more expensive).
- You can try to first do a Chapter 7 and get rid of the unsecured debts, but again that may make you ineligible for a Chapter 13 for a bit (or you may not qualify).
- You can wait for property values to go up and reduce the unsecured portion. Downside is of course the uncertainty and the wait.
Filed under: Chapter 13 | Leave a Comment
If the debtor’s income is below the state median, the dreaded Means Test is “done.” However, if debtor’s gross income exceeds the median (gross income for the household size chosen is greater than the state median), the rest of the Means Test Form must be completed. Debtor can deduct things like mandatory deductions from gross income, income taxes and union dues.
Debtor can also deduct secured payments to be made in the next 60 months. In other words, if debtor financed a car and there are 45 payments left. The 45 payments are added and divided by 60. The figure is then deducted from the income. Same techniques is applied to mortgage payments(also a secured debt).
What about secured payments on collateral to be surrendered in a chapter 7 or soon after
Can you still get the benefit of the deduction? Because technically the Means Test is backward looking in that even if your income at the time of filing is lower than the median, it doesn’t matter if the income during the 6 months prior to the filing exceeds the median. Likewise, shouldn’t your obligation during those 6 months be allowed to set off that income? Well, Courts are all over the place on that specific issue.
In California, the 9th Circuit is pretty settled on the answer. Thankfully for those of us practicing in the Circuit.
Intent to surrender collateral, irrelevant and deduction is still allowed in the following 9th Circuit cases:
C.D. California: In re Wilkins, 370 B.R. 815 (Bankr. C.D. Cal., July 2, 2007) (Bankruptcy Judge Meredith A. Jury) (Chapter 7 case)
E.D. California: In re Vartan, 2007 WL 640006 (Bankr. E.D. Cal., Feb. 26, 2007) (Bankruptcy Judge Robert S. Bardwil) (Chapter 7 case)
N.D. California: In re Rodrigues, 2008 WL 372742 (Bankr. N.D. Cal., Feb. 11, 2008) (Bankruptcy Judge Alan Jaroslovsky) (Chapter 7 case); In re Chang, 2007 WL 3034679 (Bankr. N.D. Cal., Oct. 16, 2007) (Bankruptcy Judge Arthur S. Weissbrodt) (Chapter 7 case);
S.D. California: In re Sederberg, Case No. 07-02065-JM7 (Bankr. S.D. Cal., Dec. 20, 2007) (Bankruptcy Judge James W. Meyers) (Chapter 7 case); In re Maya, 374 B.R. 750 (Bankr. S.D. Cal., Aug. 14, 2007) (Chief Bankruptcy Judge Peter W. Bowie) (Chapter 7 case)
Idaho: In re Kelvie, 372 B.R. 56 (Bankr. D. Idaho, July 10, 2007) (Chief Bankruptcy Judge Terry L. Myers) (Chapter 7 case)
Oregon: In re Stewart, Case No. 08-33275-rld7 (Bankr. D. Or., March 11, 2009), amended (March 16, 2009) (Bankruptcy Judge Randall L. Dunn) (Chapter 7 case); In re Oliver, 2006 WL 2086691 (Bankr. D. Or., June 29, 2006) (Bankruptcy Judge Randall L. Dunn) (both Chapter 7 and 13 cases)
W.D. Washington: In re Smith, 401 B.R. 469 (Bankr. W.D. Wash., Nov. 14, 2008) (Bankruptcy Judge Paul B. Snyder) (both Chapter 7 and Chapter 13)
From the above, it is pretty clear that you can deduct secured payments for collateral you intend to surrender in the 9th Cir. (California included).
What about collateral that was already surrendered, repossessed or foreclosed on prior to filing?
The answer is less clear. I would say that this is not something yet decided and I would advise clients, if circumstances permit and the deduction is necessary, to file before the property is surrendered, repossessed or foreclosed on. I think that the case law currently is leaning toward not permitting deductions.
Caution: sometimes it is better and necessary to wait until after and risks must be weighed to determine which option is better. I recommend consulting an experienced attorney to help you make the right decision.
Deduction was not permitted in this case:
In re Ballard, 2008 WL 783408 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio, March 25, 2008)
(Bankruptcy Judge Russ Kendig) (the creditor obtained a foreclosure judgment prepetition); Case number 07-61486.
Filed under: Chapter 7 | 2 Comments
Foreclosure and Depression
Today Washington Post had a story on the effects of foreclosures on mental health. To read the full article click: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/24/AR2009082402333.html
Unfortunately, this is a story too familiar to a bankruptcy attorney who has been practicing for more than a week. In fact, the very first client I met (while working at another firm) committed suicide. He had a complicated case. His problems were compounded by the fact that by the time he dealt with his finances he has “borrowed” a large sum from an aging parent. I don’t presume to understand what he was going through. I met the person once. I will be honest, I considered finding a new area of law to focus on, but I didn’t.
Since that horrible time, I have seen a LOT of sadness and pain come through the doors of the firm I was working for, and more when I opened my own practice. Like everyone else, I don’t like to see so much pain and loss. What has kept me practicing bankruptcy is the fact that I also see a solution for the majority of people. It isn’t always roses and it isn’t always ideal, but at times it truly is a very good option that does give people a “fresh start” and allows them to sleep again.
I hear this time and time again, “ After meeting with you, I got my first good night of sleep in a very long time.” Hearing that, keeps me coming back.
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Free and Secure Credit Report
It is important to periodically check your credit report to make sure it is accurate. While you will see a lot of advertising for a “free” report, you will often find that it requires you to sign up for their services, etc. Basically, buy this and we’ll give you YOUR report for “free.”
What these sites don’t tell you is that you are entitled by law to a TRULY FREE annual report. Go to this site: https://www.annualcreditreport.com/cra/index.jsp
If you need help disputing inaccuracies, feel free to contact our office at (213) 382-2926 for your free consultation.
Filed under: Credit scores | Leave a Comment
When you file for bankruptcy and you have a lawsuit pending in state court it is important to give notice of your bankruptcy in that state court. Use this form in the Los Angeles, CA state courts: http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/fillable/cm180.pdf
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Credit bureau reports are limited in how they represent foreclosures today, so it’s generally not possible to tell from the credit report if a reported foreclosure is a short sale, deed in lieu of foreclosure, settled account, regular foreclosure, or some other variation.
The FICO® score treats all of these descriptions that appear on credit reports as serious delinquencies, so they have an impact on the score similar to the impact from a charge off, tax lien or account included in bankruptcy.
Repost from www.myfico.com
There is a lot of misinformation out there. Please make sure that you are getting your facts from a reliable source.
Filed under: Credit scores, etc. | Leave a Comment
Lenders are failing to do loan modifications despite financial incentives by the government to do just that.
http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2009/07/07/lenders_avoid_redoing_loans_fed_concludes/?page=1
What can you do? You have options, one of which is bankruptcy. Talk to an experienced bankruptcy attorney.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Leave a Comment
Recent Entries
- New Chapter 13 Debt Limits
- Chapter 7 Debtors – is your debt primarily consumer or non-consumer and why should you care?
- 10 Bankruptcy Terms You Should Know
- Property value drop and catch-22 with debt limits in a Ch. 13
- Deducting Secured Payments on the Means Test for Collateral to Be Surrendered?
- Foreclosure and Depression
- Free and Secure Credit Report
- Notice of Bankruptcy when lawsuit pending in State Court
- How does short-sale and deed in lieu influence my FICO score?
- New study finds lenders fail to do loan mods.
- Means Test/Household Size
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- Chapter 7 (3)
- Credit scores (2)
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